Basic Concepts- Basic concepts

Basic Concepts- Basic concepts - concept of continuum, macroscopic approach, Thermodynamic systems - closed, open and isolated. Property, state, path and process, quasistatic process, work, modes of work. Zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature and heat. Concept of ideal and real gases.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Concepts of Internal Energy, Specific Heat Capacities, Enthalpy. Energy Balance for Closed and Open Systems, Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems. Steady-Flow Engineering Devices. Energy Balance for Unsteady- Flow .

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Thermal energy reservoirs, heat engines energy conversion, Kelvin’s and Clausius statements of second law, the Carnot cycle, the Carnot Theorem, the thermodynamic temperature scale, the Carnot heat engine, efficiency, the Carnot refrigerator and heat pump, COP. Clausius inequality, concept of entropy, principle of increase of entropy – availability, the increase of entropy principle, perpetual-motion machines, reversible and irreversible processes, Entropy change of pure substances, isentropic processes, property diagrams involving entropy, entropy change of liquids and solids, the entropy change of ideal gases, reversible steady-flow work, minimizing the compressor work, isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices, and entropy balance. Energy - a measure of work potential, including work potential of energy, reversible work and irreversibility, second-law efficiency, exergy change of a system, energy transfer by heat, work, and mass, the decrease of exergy principle and exergy destruction, energy balance: closed systems and control volumes energy balance.

Properties Of Pure Substance

Properties of pure substances. Thermodynamic properties of pure substances in solid, liquid and vapour phases. Phase rule, P-V, P-T, T-V, T-S, H-S diagrams, PVT surfaces. Thermodynamic properties of steam. Calculations of work done and heat transfer in non- flow and flow processes.

Power Cycles

Vapour and combined power cycles, including the Carnot vapor cycle, Rankine cycle: the ideal cycle for vapor power, the ideal reheat and regenerative and the secondlaw analysis of vapour power cycles. Gas power cycles, including basic considerations in the analysis of power cycles, the Carnot cycle and its value in engineering, an overview of reciprocating engines, air standard assumptions, gasoline engine Otto cycle, diesel engine cycle, gas-turbine Brayton cycle, and the second-law analysis of gas power cycles.

Ideal and Real Gases and Thermodynamic Relations

Ideal and Real Gases and Thermodynamic Relations- Gas mixtures – properties ideal and real gases. Equation of state, Avogadro’s Law, Vander Waal’s equation of state, Compressibility factor, compressibility chart. Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Exact differentials, T-D relations, Maxwell’s relations. Clausius Clapeyron equations, Joule – Thomson coefficient.

Psychrometry and psychrometric charts

Psychrometry and psychrometric charts, property calculations of air vapour mixtures. Psychrometric process – Sensible heat exchange processes. Latent heat exchange processes. Adiabatic mixing, evaporative cooling. Use of standard thermodynamic tables, Mollier diagram, Psychometric chart and Refrigerant property tables. Refrigeration cycles, including refrigerators and heat pumps, the ideal reversed Carnot vapour-compression refrigeration cycle, actual vaporcompression refrigeration cycles, heat pump systems, gas refrigeration cycles, and absorption refrigeration systems.

Introduction

Branches of geology useful to civil engineering, scope of geological studies in various civil engineering projects. Department dealing with this subject in India and their scope of work- GSI, Granite Dimension Stone Cell, NIRM. Mineralogy-Mineral, Origin and composition. Physical properties of minerals, susceptibility of minerals to alteration, basic of optical mineralogy, SEM, XRD., Rock forming minerals, megascopic identification of common primary & secondary minerals.

Petrology-Rock forming processes

Petrology-Rock forming processes. Specific gravity of rocks. Ternary diagram. Igneous petrology- Volcanic Phenomenon and different materials ejected by volcanoes. Types of volcanic eruption. Concept of Hot spring and Geysers. Characteristics of different types of magma. Division of rock on the basis of depth of formation, and their characteristics. Chemical and Mineralogical Composition. Texture and its types. Various forms of rocks. IUGS Classification of phaneritic and volcanic rock.. Field Classification chart. Structures. Classification of Igneous rocks on the basis of Chemical composition. Detailed study of Acidic Igneous rocks like Granite, Rhyolite or Tuff, Felsite, Pegmatite, Hornfels. Metamorphic Aureole, Kaolinization. Landform as Tors. Engineering aspect to granite. Basic Igneous rocks Like Gabbro, Dolerite, Basalt. Engineering aspect to Basalt. Sedimentary petrology- mode of formation, Mineralogical Composition. Texture and its types, Structures, Gradation of Clastic rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks and their characteristics. Detailed study of Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Mudstone and Shale, Limestone Metamorphic petrology- Agents and types of metamorphism, metamorphic grades, Mineralogical composition, structures & textures in metamorphic rocks. Important Distinguishing features of rocks as Rock cleavage, Schistosity, Foliation. Classification. Detailed study of Gneiss, Schist, Slate with engineering consideration.

Physical Geology

Weathering. Erosion and Denudation. Factors affecting weathering and product of weathering. Engineering consideration. Superficial deposits and its geotechnical importance: Water fall and Gorges, River meandering, Alluvium, Glacial deposits, Laterite (engineering aspects), Desert Landform, Loess, Residual deposits of Clay with flints, Solifluction deposits, mudflows, Coastal deposits.

Strength Behavior of Rocks

Stress and Strain in rocks. Concept of Rock Deformation & Tectonics. Dip and Strike. Outcrop and width of outcrop. Inliers and Outliers. Main types of discontinuities according to size. Fold- Types and nomenclature, Criteria for their recognition in field. Faults: Classification, recognition in field, effects on outcrops. Joints & Unconformity; Types, Stresses responsible, geotechnical importance. Importance of structural elements in engineering operations. Consequences of failure as land sliding, Earthquake and Subsidence. Strength

INTRODUCTION

Concepts and definitions: disaster, hazard, vulnerability, risks- severity, frequency and details, capacity, impact, prevention, mitigation.

Disasters

Disasters classification; natural disasters (floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal erosion, soil erosion, forest fires etc.); manmade disasters (industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban areas, nuclear radiation, chemical spills, transportation accidents, terrorist strikes, etc.); hazard and vulnerability profile of India, mountain and coastal areas, ecological fragility.

Disaster Impacts

Disaster impacts (environmental, physical, social, ecological, economic, political, etc.); health, psycho-social issues; demographic aspects (gender, age, special needs); hazard locations; global and national disaster trends; climate change and urban disasters.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Disaster management cycle – its phases; prevention, mitigation, preparedness, relief and recovery; structural and non-structural measures; risk analysis, vulnerability and capacity assessment; early warning systems, Postdisaster environmental response (water, sanitation, food safety, waste management, disease control, security, communications); Roles and responsibilities of government, community, local institutions, NGOs and other stakeholders; Policies and legislation for disaster risk reduction, DRR programmes in India and the activities of National Disaster Management Authority.

Disasters, Environment and Development

Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of developmental projects and environmental modifications (including of dams, landuse changes, urbanization etc.), sustainable and environmental friendly recovery; reconstruction and development methods.

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Distinction between a fluid and a solid; Density, Specific weight, Specific gravity, Kinematic and dynamic viscosity; variation of viscosity with temperature, Newton law of viscosity; vapour pressure, boiling point, cavitation; surface tension, capillarity, Bulk modulus of elasticity, compressibility.

Fluid Statics

Fluid Pressure: Pressure at a point, Pascals law, pressure variation with temperature, density and altitude. Piezometer, U-Tube Manometer, Single Column Manometer, U-Tube Differential Manometer, Micromanometers. pressure gauges, Hydrostatic pressure and force: horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces. Buoyancy and stability of floating bodies.

Fluid Kinematics

Classification of fluid flow : steady and unsteady flow; uniform and non-uniform flow; laminar and turbulent flow; rotational and irrotational flow; compressible and incompressible flow; ideal and real fluid flow; one, two and three dimensional flows; Stream line, path line, streak line and stream tube; stream function, velocity potential function. One-, two- and three -dimensional continuity equations in Cartesian coordinates.

Fluid Dynamics

Surface and body forces; Equations of motion - Euler’s equation; Bernoulli’s equation – derivation; Energy Principle; Practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation : venturimeter, orifice meter and pitot tube; Momentum principle; Forces exerted by fluid flow on pipe bend; Vortex Flow – Free and Forced.
Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude - Definitions of Reynolds Number, Froude Number, Mach Number, Weber Number and Euler Number; Buck ingham’s π-Theorem.

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow through :circular pipes, annulus and parallel plates. Stoke’s law, Measurement of viscosity .

Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude

Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh method, Buckingham’s Pi method and other methods. Dimensionless groups. Similitude, Model studies, Types of models. Application of dimensional analysis and model Studies to fluid flow problem. Dynamic Similitude- Definitions of ReynoldsNumber, Froude Number, MachNumber, Weber Number and EulerNumber.

Flow through Pipes

Loss of head through pipes,Darcy-Wiesbatch equation, minor losses, total energy equation, hydraulic gradient line,Pipes in series, equivalent pipes, pipes in parallel, flow through laterals, flows in dead end pipes, siphon, power transmission through pipes, nozzles. Analysis of pipe networks: Hardy Cross method, water hammer in pipes and control measures, branching of pipes, three reservoir problem .

Turbulent Flow

Reynolds experiment, Transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Definition of turbulence, scale and intensity, Causes of turbulence, instability, mechanism of turbulence and effect of turbulent flow in pipes. Reynolds stresses, semi-empirical theories of turbulence, Prandtl’s mixing length theory, universal velocity distribution equation. Resistance to flow of fluid in smooth and rough pipes, Moody’s diagram

1. Measurement of viscosi

Simple Stresses and Strains

Concept of stress and strain, St. Venant’s principle, stress and strain diagram, Elasticity and plasticity – Types of stresses and strains, Hooke’s law – stress – strain diagram for mild steel – Working stress – Factor of safety – Lateral strain, Poisson’s ratio and volumetric strain – Elastic moduli and the relationship between them – Bars of varying section – composite bars – Temperature stresses. Strain Energy – Resilience – Gradual, sudden, impact and shock loadings – simple applications.

Compound Stresses and Strains

Two dimensional system, stress at a point on a plane, principal stresses and principal planes, Mohr circle of stress, ellipse of stress and their applications. Two dimensional stress-strain system, principal strains and principal axis of strain, circle of strain and ellipse of strain. Relationship between elastic constants.

Bending moment and Shear Force Diagrams

Bending moment (BM) and shear force (SF) diagrams.BM and SF diagrams for cantilevers simply supported and fixed beams with or without overhangs. Calculation of maximum BM and SF and the point of contra flexure under concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads over the whole span or part of span, combination of concentrated loads (two or three) and uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, application of moments.

Flexural Stresses

Theory of simple bending – Assumptions – Derivation of bending equation: M/I = f/y = E/R - Neutral axis – Determination of bending stresses – Section modulus of rectangular and circular sections (Solid and Hollow), I,T, Angle and Channel sections – Design of simple beam sections.

Shear Stresses

Derivation of formula – Shear stress distribution across various beam sections like rectangular, circular, triangular, I, T angle sections.

Slope and deflection

Relationship between moment, slope and deflection, Moment area method, Macaulay’s method. Use of these methods to calculate slope and deflection for determinant beams.

Torsion

Derivation of torsion equation and its assumptions. Applications of the equation of the hollow and solid circular shafts, torsional rigidity, Combined torsion and bending of circular shafts, principal stress and maximum shear stresses under combined loading of bending and torsion. Analysis of close-coiled-helical springs.

Thin Cylinders and Spheres

Derivation of formulae and calculations of hoop stress, longitudinal stress in a cylinder, and sphere subjected to internal pressures.

List of Practicals

1. Tension test
2. Bending tests on simply supported beam and Cantilever beam.
3. Compression test on concrete
4. Impact test
5.Shear test
6. Investigation of Hook’s law that is the proportional relation between force and stretching in elastic deformat

Analysis of indeterminate structures by force methods, flexibility coefficients, Energy methods: Principle of minimum potential energy, principle of virtual work, Castigliano’s theorems, Reciprocal theorem, unit load method, Influence line and Rolling loads, beam, frames and arches, MullerBreslau Principles and its applications to determinate and indeterminate structures.

Analysis of Beams and Frames: Moment Area method, Slope deflection method, Three Moment Equation, Moments distribution methods, effect of symmetry and ant symmetry, sway correction, Lateral load analysis: Portal and Cantilever methods, Matrix method of structural analysis, Displacement/Stiffness methods.

Introduction to Engineering Materials covering, Cements, M-Sand, Concrete (plain, reinforced and steel fibre/ glass fibre-reinforced, light-weight concrete, High Performance Concrete, Polymer Concrete) Ceramics, and Refractories, Bitumen and asphaltic materials, Timbers, Glass and Plastics, Structural Steel and other Metals, Paints and Varnishes, Acoustical material and geo-textiles, rubber and asbestos, laminates and adhesives, Graphene, Carbon composites and other engineering materials including properties and uses of these.

Introduction to Material Testing covering, What is the “ Material Engineering” ?; Mechanical behavior and mechanical characteristics; Elasticity – principle and characteristics; Plastic deformation of metals; Tensile test – standards for different material (brittle, quasi-brittle, elastic and so on) True stress – strain interpretation of tensile test; hardness tests; Bending and torsion test; strength of ceramic; Internal friction, creep – fundaments and characteristics; Brittle fracture of steel – temperature transition approach; Background of fracture mechanics; Discussion of fracture toughness testing – different materials; concept of fatigue of materials; Structural integrity assessment procedure and fracture mechanics.

Standard Testing & Evaluation Procedures covering, Laboratory for mechanical testing; Discussion about mechanical testing; Naming systems for various irons, steels and nonferrous metals; Discussion about elastic deformation; Plastic deformation; Impact test and transition temp.

Introduction to Course and Overview; Understanding the past to look into the future: Pre-industrial revolution days, Agricultural revolution, first and second industrial revolutions, IT revolution; Recent major Civil Engineering breakthroughs and innovations; Present day world and future projections, Ecosystems in Society and in Nature; the steady erosion in Sustainability; Global warming, its impact and possible causes; Evaluating future requirements for various resources; GIS and applications for monitoring systems; Human Development Index and Ecological Footprint of India Vs other countries and analysis.

Understanding the importance of Civil Engineering in shaping and impacting the world; The ancient and modern Marvels and Wonders in the field of Civil Engineering; Future Vision for Civil Engineering.

Infrastructure - Habitats, Megacities, Smart Cities, futuristic visions; Transportation (Roads, Railways & Metros, Airports, Seaports, River ways, Sea canals, Tunnels (below ground, under water); Futuristic systems (ex, Hyper Loop)); Energy generation (Hydro, Solar (Photovoltaic, Solar Chimney), Wind, Wave, Tidal, Geothermal, Thermal energy); Water provisioning; Telecommunication needs (towers, above-ground and underground cabling); Awareness of various Codes & Standards governing Infrastructure development; Innovations and methodologies for ensuring Sustainability.

Environment- Traditional & futuristic methods; Solid waste management, Water purification, Wastewater treatment & Recycling, Hazardous waste treatment; Flood control (Dams, Canals, River interlinking), Multi-purpose water projects, Atmospheric pollution; Global warming phenomena and Pollution Mitigation measures, Stationarity and nonstationarity; Environmental Metrics & Monitoring; Other Sustainability measures; Innovations and methodologies for ensuring Sustainability.

Built environment – Facilities management, Climate control; Energy efficient built environments and LEED ratings, Recycling, Temperature/ Sound control in built environment, Security systems; Intelligent/ Smart Buildings; Aesthetics of built environment, Role of Urban Arts Commissions; Conservation, Repairs & Rehabilitation of Structures & Heritage structures; Innovations and methodologies for ensuring Sustainability.

Civil Engineering Projects – Environmental Impact Analysis procedures; Waste (materials, manpower, equipment) avoidance/ Efficiency increase; Advanced construction techniques for better sustainability; Techniques for reduction of Green House Gas emissions in various aspects of Civil Engineering Projects; New Project Management paradigms & Systems (Ex. Lean Construction), contribution of Civil Engineering to GDP, Contribution to employment(projects, facilities management), Quality of products, Health & Safety aspects for stakeholders; Innovations and methodologies for ensuring Sustainability during Project development.

Population Dynamics covering, Population ecology- Population characteristics, ecotypes; Population genetics- Concept of gene pool and genetic diversity in population.