Basic Concepts ( 4 Hrs )

EvolutionofPowerSystemsandPresent-DayScenario.Structureofapowersystem: Bulk Power Grids and Micro-grids. Generation: Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources. Distributed Energy Resources. Energy Storage. Transmission and Distribution Systems: Line diagrams, transmission and distribution voltage levels and topologies (meshed and radial systems). Synchronous Grids and Asynchronous (DC) interconnections. Review of Three-phase systems. Analysis of simple three-phase circuits. Power Transfer in AC circuits and Reactive Power. Skin effect and Ferranti effect .

: Power System Components ( 15 hours )

Overhead Transmission Lines and Cables: Electrical and Magnetic Fields around conductors, Corona. Parameters of lines and cables. Capacitance and Inductance calculations for simple configurations. Travelling-wave Equations. Sinusoidal Steady state representation of Lines: Short, medium and long lines. Power Transfer, Voltage profile and Reactive Power. Characteristics of transmission lines. Surge Impedance Loading. Series and Shunt Compensation of transmission lines.

Transformers: Three-phase connections and Phase-shifts. Three-winding transformers, auto- transformers, Neutral Grounding transformers. Tap-Changing in transformers. Transformer Parameters. Single phase equivalent of three-phase transformers

Synchronous Machines: Steady-state performance characteristics. Operation when connected to infinite bus. Real and Reactive Power Capability Curve of generators. Typical waveform under balanced terminal short circuit conditions – steady state, transient and sub-transient equivalent circuits. Loads: Types, Voltage and Frequency Dependence of Loads. Per-unit System and perunit calculations.

Over-voltages and Insulation Requirements (4 Hr )

Generation of Over-voltages: Lightning and Switching Surges. Protection against Over-voltages, Insulation Coordination. Propagation of Surges. Voltages produced by traveling surges. Bewley Diagrams.

Introduction to DC Transmission & Renewable Energy Systems ( 9 hrs )

DC Transmission Systems: Line-Commutated Converters (LCC) and Voltage Source Converters (VSC). LCC and VSC based dc link, Real Power Flow control in a dc link. Comparison of ac and dc transmission. Solar PV systems: I-V and P-V characteristics of PV panels, power electronic interface of PV to the grid. Wind Energy Systems: Power curve of wind turbine. Fixed and variable speed turbines. Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Generators and Induction Generators. Power Electronics interfaces of wind generators to the grid.

Suggested books

1. J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education, 1994
2. O. I. Elgerd, “Electric Energy Systems Theory”, McGraw Hill Education, 1995.
3. A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal, “Power System Analysis”, Pearson Education Inc., 1999
4. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Modern Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education, 2003.

Power Systems-1 Laboratory

Hands-on experiments related to the course contents of EE14. Visits to power system installations (generation stations, EHV substations etc.) are suggested. Exposure to fault analysis and Electro- magnetic transient program (EMTP) and Numerical Relays are suggested.

Introduction to control problem ( 4 hours )

Industrial Control examples. Mathematical models of physical systems. Control hardware and their models. Transfer function models of linear time-invariant systems. Feedback Control: Open-Loop and Closed-loop systems. Benefits of Feedback. Block diagram algebra. Signal flow graph .

Time Response Analysis ( 10 hrs )

Standard test signals. Time response of first and second order systems for standard test inputs. Application of initial and final value theorem. Design specifications for second-order systems based on the time-response. Concept of Stability. Routh-Hurwitz Criteria. Relative Stability analysis. Root-Locus technique. Construction of Root-loci.

Frequency-response analysis ( 6 Hrs )

Relationship between time and frequency response, Polar plots, Bode plots. Nyquist stability criterion. Relative stability using Nyquist criterion – gain and phase margin. Closed-loop frequency response.

Introduction to Controller Design ( 10 Hrs )

Stability, steady-state accuracy, transient accuracy, disturbance rejection, insensitivity and robustness of control systems. Root-loci method of feedback controller design. Design specifications in frequency-domain. Frequency-domain methods of design. Application of Proportional, Integral and Derivative Controllers, Lead and Lag compensation in designs. Analog and Digital implementation of controllers.

State variable Analysis ( 6 Hrs )

Concepts of state variables. State space model. Diagonalization of State Matrix. Solution of state equations. Eigen values and Stability Analysis. Concept of controllability and observability. Pole-placement by state feedback. Discrete-time systems. Difference Equations. State-space models of linear discrete-time systems. Stability of linear discrete-time systems.

Suggested Books

1. M. Gopal, “Control Systems: Principles and Design”, McGraw Hill Education, 1997.
2. B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control System”, Prentice Hall, 1995.
3. K. Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering”, Prentice Hall, 1991.
4. I. J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, “Control Systems Engineering”, New Age International,2009 .

Control Systems Laboratory

Hands-on/Computer experiments related to the course contents of EE17

Introduction to Communication Systems ( 7 Hrs )

Modulation – Types – Need for Modulation. Theory of Amplitude Modulation – Evolution and Description of SSB Techniques – Theory of Frequency and Phase Modulation – Comparison of Analog Communication Systems.

Pulse Communication: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) (8 Hours)

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) – Pulse code Modulation (PCM) – Comparison of various Pulse Communication System (PAM – PTM – PCM). Data Communication: History of Data Communication – Standards Organizations for Data Communication- Data Communication Circuits – Data Communication Codes – Data communication Hardware – serial and parallel interfaces.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) (8 Hours)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)–Phase Shift Keying (PSK) – BPSK – QPSK – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – 8 QAM – 16 QAM – Bandwidth Efficiency– Comparison of various Digital Communication System (ASK – FSK – PSK – QAM).

Coding and Encoding Theorem(6 Hours )

Entropy, Source encoding theorem, Shannon fano coding, Huffman coding, mutual information, channel capacity, Error Control Coding, linear block codes, cyclic codes – ARQ Techniques.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (6 Hours)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) – Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse – Channel Assignment and Handover Techniques – Overview of Multiple Access Schemes – Satellite Communication – Bluetooth.

Diode, Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT: I-V Characteristics

Firing circuit for thyristor; Voltage and current commutation of a thyristor; Gate drive circuits for MOSFET and IGBT.

Thyristor rectifiers ( 7 Hrs )

Single-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, Single-phase full-bridge thyristor rectifier with R- load and highly inductive load; Three-phase full-bridge thyristor rectifier with R-load and highly inductive load; Input current wave shape and power factor.

DC-DC converter (10 Hours)

Elementary chopper with an active switch and diode, concepts of duty ratio and average voltage, power circuit of a buck converter, analysis and waveforms at steady state, duty ratio control of output voltage.
Power circuit of a boost converter, analysis and waveforms at steady state, relation between duty ratio and average output voltage.

Single-phase and 3-phase voltage source inverter (14 Hours)

Power circuit of single-phase voltage source inverter, switch states and instantaneous output voltage, square wave operation of the inverter, concept of average voltage over a switching cycle, bipolar sinusoidal modulation and unipolar sinusoidal modulation, modulation index and output voltage Power circuit of a three-phase voltage source inverter, switch states, instantaneous output voltages, average output voltages over a sub-cycle, three-phase sinusoidal modulation. Current Source Inverter .

Suggested Books

1. M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications”, Pearson Education India, 2009.
2. N. Mohan and T. M. Undeland, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
3. R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”, Springer Science& Business Media, 2007.

Power Electronics Laboratory

Hands-on experiments related to the course contents ofEE21.

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