Basic Concepts, Conduction ( 8 Hrs )

Modes of heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation, analogy between heat flow and electrical flow. Conduction: One dimensional steady state heat conduction, the Fourier heat conduction equation, conduction through plane wall, conduction through cylindrical wall, spherical wall, variable thermal conductivity, conduction through composite slab, cylinder and sphere, thermal contact resistance, critical radius of insulation, Extended surfaces: heat transfer from a fin, fin effectiveness and efficiency, Introduction to unsteady state heat conduction.

Convection ( 10 Hr)

The convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal boundary layers for the cases of flow of fluid over a flat plate and flow through pipe, dimensionless numbers in heat transfer and their significance, dimensional analysis, application of dimensional analysis to forced convection and natural convection. Forced Convection: Correlation equations for heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flows in a Circular tube and duct, heat transfer to liquid metals and heat transfer to tubes in cross flow. Natural Convection: Natural convection from vertical and horizontal surfaces, Grash of and Rayleigh numbers.

Heat transfer by radiation (8 Hr )

Basic Concepts of radiation from surface: black body radiation, Planks law, Wien’s displacement law, Stefan Boltzmann’s law, Kirchhoff’s law, grey body, Radiation intensity of black body, View factor, emissivity, radiation between black surfaces and grey surfaces. Solar radiations.

Boiling and Condensation ( 8 hrs )

Pool boiling, pool boiling curve for water, maximum and minimum heat fluxes, correlations for nucleate and film pool boiling, drop wise and film wise condensation, Nusselt analysis for laminar film wise condensation on a vertical plate, film wise condensation on a horizontal tube. Evaporation: Types of evaporators, boiling point elevation and Duhring’s rule, material and energy balances for single effect evaporator, multiple effect evaporators: forward, mixed and backward feeds, capacity and economy of evaporators.

Heat Exchangers( 10 Lectures )

Types of heat exchangers, Principal Components of a Concentric tube & Shell-and Tube Heat Exchanger, Baffles, Tubes and Tube Distribution, Tubes to Tube sheets Joint, Heat Exchangers with Multiple Shell & tube Passes, Fixed-Tube sheet and Removable-Bundle Heat Exchangers, log-mean temperature difference, overall heat transfer coefficient, fouling factors .

Suggested books

1. “Heat transfer principles and applications” Dutta, B.K., PHI
2. “Heat Transfer” Holman J.P., 9th Ed., McGraw Hill.
3. “Chemical Engineering: Vol-1”, Coulson, J. M. & Richardson, J. F., 6 th ed. Butterworth- Heinemann
4. “Process Heat Transfer”, Kern, D. Q McGraw Hill Book.

Vegetable Tannins ( 12 hrs )

Classification of Vegetable tannins – Structural aspects, Analysis of Chemistry of Hydrolysable & Condensed tannins, Manufacture of vegetable tannin extract use of additive for product notification, Reactions of vegetable tannins with collagen, Principle of vegetable tanning, Factors affecting tannin diffusion & factors affecting tannin fixation with collagen, Principle of Rapid tanning methods.

Synthetic tannins ( 12 hrs )

Chemistry & Multifunctional properties of syntans, Nontans in synthetic tannins, General Manufacturing methods of Phenol, Formaldehyde Naphthalene, Formaldehyde and Naphthol, Formaldehyde condensates, Supra Syntans, Use of Syntans for the Manufacture of various Leathers & for chemical modifications for specific objectives, use of Lignosulfonic acids in Leather processing.

Resin Syntans ( 8 Hrs )

Urea, Formaldehyde & Melamine, Formaldehyde condensates as tanning agents for leather, their chemistry & structure, Property, Relationship, Polyacrylates & Polyurethanes as Resin tanning agent Principles of their use.

Aldehydes as tannins( 8 Hrs )

Formaldehyde and other mono, difunctional ablehydes their chemistry, Structure and general properties, Reaction of aldehydes with different functional groups of protein. Tanning faculty at different pH reactions, oil, sulphony/chloride quinone tannage.

Combination tannages ( 8 Lectures )

Deficiencies of single tannage, Machanistic classification of tannages. All chrome based combination tannages, semi-chrome & semi – alum tannages.

Suggested Books

1. Introduction to the Principles of Leather Manufacture. By – S. S. Dutta, 4 th Edition, ILTA, Kolkata
2. Theory & Practice of Leather Manufacture. By – K. T. Sarkar, Macmillan India Press, Chennai.

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Introduction ( 3 Hrs )

History of Footwear industry, Functions of footwear, Different parts of Footwear (Upper, Bottom and hidden components).

Anatomy of Human foot ( 5 Hrs )

Bones, Joints, Muscles, Ligaments, arches of skin of human foot, Internal and external changes of human foot from infant to adult stage, Analysis of human locomotion, Common foot abnormalities and their remedies. Foot comfort and foot care.

Last ( 5 hrs )

Definition, Classification of last, Different parts of last, Seasoning of wood for wooden last, Last measurement, Comparison of last with human foot.

Shoe Sizes and Fittings ( 4 Hrs )

Relation between foot sizes and fittings and shoe, sizes and fittings, English, American, French, Continental and mondopoint shoe sizes and fittings system.

Designing ( 12 Hrs )

Introduction, Classification of Basic design, Elements of Design, Elements of Fashion design procedure, Concept of inside form, outside form and mean form, Making standard of oxford and derby shoe, different pattern making allowances, lasting margin, folding ,underlay and seam margin, Grading (Grading m/c).

Footwear materials ( 9 Hrs )

Upper and Lining materials – Different natural and synthetic materials. Adhesive – Definition, Different types of adhesives use in footwear industry and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Sole, Insole, Toe puff, Stiffner. Different types of sole material and their properties. Different types of thread and its properties. Footwear accessories.

Footwear Costing (4 Hrs )

Material, Labour and Overhead cost, Determining the material consumption, Leather consumption – One pair by tracing methods, calculation by Russ & Small method (0 & 180 0 Adhesive and thread consumption etc.

Suggested Books

1. Manual of Shoe making –Clark.
2. The text book of Footwear menu – J. H. Throntin.
3. Principle of Footwear Manufacture – Somnath ganguly.

Neutralisation ( 3 Hrs )

Its objectives, necessities and control to achieve desired uptake of dyes and fat liquors.                       

Bleaching ( 3 Hrs )

Definition, Theory, Mechanism of chemical bleaching, classification and application of different methods of bleaching to leathers.                                       

DYEING ( 10 Hrs )

Classification of dyes based on their chemical nature and also according to their application, Theory of colour, Manual colour matching, Theory and mechanism of dyeing, Chemistry and application of dyeing auxiliaries such as levelling agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents and dye fixative, Metal complex dye.

FAT LIQUORING ( 10 Hrs )

Theory of stability of Emulsion (Surface tension theories and Electrical theories), Fatliquor based on natural oils, their chemistry and preparation, Oxidation, Sulphation, Sulphonation, Bisulphitation and their properties, Synthetic Fat liquor :- Preparation and Properties, Principles and objectives of fatliquoring, Differences between synthetic and natural fat & oils concept of curring.

RETANNING SYNTANS AND RETANNING ( 7 Hrs )

Classification of retanning syntans, Tanning power of retanning syntan, Dipole theory of syntan tanning, General method of manufacture of aromatic syntans their general properties, Objective of retanage, Effect of different retanning agents on properties of leather principle of bondage of retanning material.

THEORY OF LEATHER DRYING ( 7 Hrs )

Principles of energy and mass transfer, Physio-Chemical aspect of leather drying, Different methods of drying followed in leather Industry.

Suggested Books

1. Introduction to the Principles of Leather Manufacture. By – S. S. Dutta, 4 th Edition, ILTA, Kolkata.                                 
B. Theory & Practice of Leather Manufacture. By – K. T. Sarkar, Macmillan India Press, Chennai.

( 10 Lectures )

Engineering economics and its definition, Nature and scope, Overview of Indian Financial Scenario. Utility, Theory of demand, law of demand and its exceptions, Elasticity of demand, Law of supply and elasticity of supply, Determination of equilibrium price under perfect competition. Time value of money-Simple and Compound Interest, Cash Flow Diagram, Principle of Economic Equivalence Evaluation of Engineering projects, Concept of Internal rate of return (IRR).

( 10 Lectures )

Cost Concepts, Elements of costs, Preparation of cost sheet, Segregation of costs into Fixed and variable costs, Break-even Analysis-Linear Approach. Engineering Accounting, Manufacturing Cost, Manufacturing Cost Estimation, Preparing Financial Business Cases, Profit and loss A/c Balance sheet. Asset Depreciation and its Impact on Economic Analyses, Depreciation Policy, Straight line method and declining balance method, Economic Justification of Asset Replacements.

( 10 Lectures )

Types of business ownership: Private ownership- individual, Partnership, Joint stock companies, Co-operative societies, State ownership-government departmental organization, Public corporations, Government companies, Public Private Partnership (PPP) and its management. Store keeping, Elements of Materials management and control polices.

Banking: Meaning and functions of commercial banks, Function of Reserve Bank of India.

( 10 Lectures )

Asset Depreciation and its Impact on Economic Analyses, Depreciation Policy, Straight line method and declining balance method, Economic Justification of Asset Replacements.

Development of business case analyses for new product development projects and the impact of taxes on engineering economic decisions. Inflation and its impact on economy.

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